فهرست و منابع تحقیق مقاله آفات ، افت کش ها و محیط زیست چشم اندازی تاریخی درباره احتمال کاهش افت کش
فهرست:
بخش 2. 1
پیشرفت گزینهها: 6
مشکلات بهداشتی: 8
ته ماندههای خشره کشها داخل غذا 9
مسمومیت حیات وحش: 14
آلودگی آبهای زمینی: 16
از موارد کلی به موارد خاص: 19
میراث (بازمانده) ِDDT- اثرات محیطی: 24
یک سیستم نظارتی جدید: 26
نقش IPM در کاهش آفت کشها: 31
دیدگاهها در مورد کاهش آفت کشها در ایالت واشنگتن: 33
درگیریهای تاریخی برای کاهش آفت کشها: 36
منابع 41
منبع:
Auger,g,Kunstmann, jM Czyglik,Fand jouannet,P.(1995)Decline in semn quality among fertile,menin Paris during the past 20 years New England journal
Boyce, A.M. (1936) The citrus red mite Paratetranychus citri McG. in California and its control.
Journal of Economic Entomology 29, 125-130.
Brake, A. and Krause, W. (1992) Decreasing quality of semen. BMJ 305, 12 December, 1498.
Broaddus, A. (1991) Cranberry Vine Newsletter. WA State University Cooperative Extension, LongBeach, WA, May.
Brown, A.W.A. (1961) The challenge of insecticide resistance. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 7 6-19.
Brun, L.O., Marcillaud, C., Gandichon, V. and Suckling, D.M. (1994) Cross resistance between insecticides in coffee berry borer, Hypothenemiis hnmpci (Colleoptera: Scolytidae) from New Caledonia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, 175-178.
Carlsen, E., Giwercman, A., Keiding, N. and Skakkebaek, N.E. (1992) Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during the past 50 years. British Medical Journal 305, 12 September, 609-613.
Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton MifTlen, Boston, MA, 368 pp.
Chandler, F.B. (1956) Survey of tlie Cranberry Industry in Washington State.'WA State Departmentof Agriculture, Olympia, WA. September.
Clausen,C.P.( 1936) Insect parasitism and biological control. Annals of'the Entomological Society of America 29, 201-223.
Cohen, S.Z. (I9"0) Pesticides in ground water: An overview. In Hutson, D.H. and Rcberts T.R. Eds) Environmental Fate of Pesticides. John Wilcy & Sons, New York, pp. 13-25.
Colborn, T., vom Saal, F.S. and Solo, A.M. (1994) Developmental cfTects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 14, 469-489.
CushmanJr.,J.H. (1994) EPA settles suit and agrees to move against 36 pesticides. ;Vnv York Times 13 October.
Davis, D. and Johnson, A. (1996) Washington State Pesticide Monitoring Program, 1994 Surface Water, Fish and Sediment Sampling Report. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia,WA. Publication 96-305, February.
DeBach, P. (1946) An insecticida! check method for measuring the efficacy of entoinopiiagous insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 39, 695-697.
DeBach, P. and Rosen, D. (1991) Biological Control by Natural Enemies 2nd edn. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, pp. 140-148.
Dcubert, K.H. and Zuckerman, B.M. (1969) Pesticides in soil: istribution of Dicldrin and DDTin cranberry bog soil. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 2(4), 172-175.
Dunlap, T.R. (1981) DOT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy. Princeton University Press,Princeton, 209 pp.
Eck, P. (1990) The American Cranberry Rutgcrs University Press, New Brunswick. p. 23.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review Team (1994) An interview with Thco Colborn. Environ-mental Impact Assessment Review 14, 491-497.
Epidcmiologic Notes and Reports (1994) Occupational pesticide poisoning in apple or-chards—Washington, 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42, January, 993-995.
Erickson, D. (1992) Glced Agricultural Chemicals Ground Water Quality Assessment WA Slate Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.
Erickson, E.ll., Erickson, B.J. and Wyman, J.A. (1994) Effects on honey bees of insecticides applied to snap beans in Wisconsin: chemical and biotic Factors. Journal of Economic Entomology 87.
Fcldman, J. (1994) A landmark worth keeping. Tlic Environmental Foriiii, January/February, p. 25.Fl;imm, W.G.(1995) Regulatory aspects of carcinogcnicity studies ;iiid ilic Delancy clause. Regula-tory Toxicology and Pharmacology 21, 71-74.
Flores, H., Patterson, B., Pcikins, J.H., Schmitt, V. and Sivin, D.D. (1994) The Phosdrm lesson:
Study in the environmental politics of an agricultural technology. Master's Program in Environ-mental Studies, Working Paper 94-1, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, 49 pp.
Folsom, J.W. (1927) Calcium arscnatc as a cause of aphid infestation. Journal of Economic tinlomnlogy 20, 840-843.
Gallaher, G.L. (1967) Recent experiences with parathion poisoning. Paper presented at Texas Medical Association Annual Meeting. Dallas, May.
Giglio, D. (1993). DBCP and the EPA, a case study in pesticide reguiation. Unpublished paperprepared ;ii The Evergreen Stale College, Olympia, WA.
Hath.iway, J.S. (1993) Alar: The EPA's mismanagement of an agricultural chemical. In Pimentel, D.anc Lehman, H. (Eds) The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics, and Ethics. Chapman &Ha 1, New York, pp. 337-343.
Hollo.Tion, D.W. (1993) Pesticide resistance. Chemistry & Industry 22, 892-895.
Howard, L.O. (1930) A History of Applied Entomology. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC,p. 64.
Ibrahim, M.A. et al. (1991) Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D.Environmental Health Perspectives 96, 213-222.
Irvine D.S. (1994) Falling sperm quality. BMJ 309, 13 August, 476.
Kagel, S. (1993) The Effects of Pesticide Use on Honey Bees. Unpublished paper prepared at The Eve -green State College, Olympia, WA.Karr, Kalat, J., Locke, D. and Lirette, P. (1991). Farmworker Health and Safety in Washington Slat". WA State Department of Labor and Industries, Olyinpia, WA, p. 6.
Kelce. W.R., Stone, C.R., Laws, S.C, Earl Gray, L., Kemppalnen, J.A. and Wilsoa E.M. (1995)
Persistent DDT metabolite p,/)'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist. Nature 375, 15 June, 581-585.
Kriege,, N , WolfT, M.S., Hiatt, R.A., Rivera, M., Vogelman. J. and Orcnircich, N. (1994) Breast cancer and scrum org;inoclllorincs: A prospective study :inionp wliilc, black, and Asian women.
Cancer Institute 86(8), 20 April, 589 599. Llni, \/.n. (1984) A Reconnaissance of lilies Water Resources of the Shoalwater Hay Indian Reservation ,nnl Adjacent Areas, I'acif'c County, WA, 1978-197V. USGS Krpcrt S3-4165, Tacoma, WA. Maddy, K.T., Edmiston, S. and Richmond, D. (1990) Illness, injuries, and deaths from pesticide exposures in California, 1949-1988. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 114,57-1 '3.
Merrill R.A. (1994) Congress as scientists. The Environmental Forum, January/February, pp. 20-26.
Miller, C.W., Zuckerman, B.M. and Gunner, H.B. (1967) Pesticide occurrence, concentration, and degradation in free water systems (WR-10). In Proceedings of the Water Resources Research Symposium 2 June 1967. Water Resources Research Symposium, University of Massachusetts, pp. 999.
Moss, S.R. and Rubin, R (1993) Herbicide resistant weeds: A worldwide perspective. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 120, 141-148.
Nation; 1 Research Council (1987) Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pestii ide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovations. Regulatory Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 272 pp.
Osteen,C.(1993) Pesticide use trends, and issues in the United States. In Pimenlel, D. and Lehman, H. (E Is) The Pesticide Question—Environment, Economics, and Ethics. Chapman & Hall, New York, p. 310.
Ostertaj, N. (1995) Ground water contamination by atrazine and its metaholitcs in Midwestern states and policy issues. Unpublished paper prepared at The Evergreen Stale College, Olympia, WA. Patten, The Cranberry Vine Newsletter (1994) WA State University Cooperative Extension, Long Beach, WA, November.
Patterson, B. (1994) Pesticide use on the cranberry in Washington: An evaluation of the environ-mental risks and regulations. Essay, The Evergreen Stale College, Olympia, WA.
Perkins, J.H. (1978) Reshaping technology in wartime: The Effect of military goals on entomological research and insect-control practices. Technology and Culture 19(2), 169-186.
Perkins, 1.11.11982) Insect, Experts, and the Insecticide Crisis. Plenum Press, New York, 304 pp. 68Slat 5 1-517.
Pignatell and Cohen. S.Z. (1990) Environmental chemistry of clhylcnc dibromidc in soil and ground w.ller. Reviews of Eiirironmenlii! Conlainiimiio'i uni! Toxicology 112, 1-47.
Reich,G.A.,Gallahcr,G.L. and Wiseman,J.S.( 1968) Characteristics of pesticide poisoning in south Texas. Texas Medicine 64(9), 56--58.
Rinella, J.F., Hamilton, P.A. and McKenzic, S.W. (1993) Persistence of the DOT Pesticide in the Yakimii River liasin Wasliinplon. US Geological Survey Circular 1090, USGPO.
Ripper, W.E. (1956) Effect of pesticides on balance ofarlhropod populations. Annual Review of Enlomi logy 1, 403-438.
Kilter, W.F. (!990) Pesticide contamination of .ground water in the United States—A review.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, B25(l), 1-29.
Roussel, J.S. and Clower, D. (1955) Resistance to the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in the
boll weevil {Anthonomus grandis Boh.). Louisiana Experiment Station Circular No. 41, Louisiana Stale University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 5 pp., plus tables.
Sawyer, R.C. (1996) To make a spotless orange: Biological control in California. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 290 pp.
Schneidcr, K. (1993) EPA plans to ask Congress to relax rule on pesticides: Chief calls law outdated. New York Times, 2 February.
Schrcibcr, A. (1994) Agrichemical and Environmental News. WA State University, 108, February, p.4.
Shawa, A.Y., Shanks, Jr., C.H., Bristow. P.R., Shearer, M.N. and Poole, A.P. (1984) Cranberry Production in the Pacific Northwest. WA Slate University, PNW 247, September, p. 34.
Sherins, R.J. (1995) Are semen quality and male fertility changing? New England Journal of Medicine 332,(5), 2 February, 327-328.
Stcincr, H.M. (1938) Effects of cultural practices on natural enemies of the white apple leafoppcr.
Journal of Economic F.nlomnlo
Swcctman, II.L. (1936) The Biological Comrol of Insects. Comstock, t(hae;i, NY. pp. 278-280.
Tahashnik, B.E. (1994) Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thurinniensis. Annual Review ofEnKimc1-ony 39, 47-79.
Thompson, W.L. (1939) Cultural practices and their influence on citrus pests. Journal of Economic Emwwiony 32, 782-789.
fUnitcd Farm Workers Organizing Committee (i965?)] The Delano Grope Strike
United I-'aim Workers Organizing Committee, Delano, CA, 15 pp.
US Congress (1995) Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control. Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-ENV-536, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 19-21.
US Congress (1958) Committee on Appropriations, Department of Agriculture Appropriations for 1959, Hearings, Part 2, 85th Congress, 2nd session, pp. 449-466.
US Department of Commerce (1992) 1992 Census of Agriculture: Vol. 1. Economic and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Geographic Area Series. Part 47, WA Slate and County Data, AC92-A-47 (acreage for Grays Harbor County was based on 1987 data).
US EPA (1995) Pesticide Reregisiralion Report. Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-95-010, January, p. 19.
WA Department of Agriculture (1995) Washington Agricultural Statistics 1994-1995. Olympia, WA.
Washington Toxics Coalition and Cooperative Extension—Washington Stale University (1994)
The State of Our Ground-water: A Report on Documented Chemical Contamination in Washington. Washington State University, Pullman, WA, EB1756.
WA State Department of Health (1995) Annual Report 1994. Pesticide Incident Reporting and Tracking Review Panel. Olympia, WA, March.
Whorlon, 1. (1974) Before Silent Spring. Princcton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 288 pp.
Wolff. M.S., Toniolo, P.O., Lee, E.W., Rivcra, M. and Dubin, N. (i993) Blood levels'of organochlorinc residues and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 85(8), 21 April,648-652.